Al-Hidary, Salah. “The Status of the Arabs and Their Influence in the Abbasid Era 132-232 AH”. Adab Al-Rafidayn 5, no. 6 (April 1, 1975): 189–199. Accessed September 28, 2025. https://jamh.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/radab/article/view/32137.